stomaeduj-2-2020-article-2
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PEDODONTICS
DENTAL FINDINGS OF PERSONS WITH OSTEOGENESIS
Original Articles
IMPERFECTA IN VIETNAM
Minh Son Nguyen1a* , Mare Saag2b, Ho Duy Binh 3c , Katre Maasalu4d , Sulev Kõks 5e , Aare Märtson6e ,
Thi Thuy Le7c, Triin Jagomägi8f
1
Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Danang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Danang, Vietnam
2
Institute of Dentistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
3
Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
4
Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopedics,
Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
5
Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
6
Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Clinic of Traumatology and Orthopedics,
Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
7
Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Danang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Danang, Vietnam
8
Institute of Dentistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
a
DDS, PhD; e-mail: minhson1883@gmail.com; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9568-596X
b
DDS, PhD, Professor; e-mail: mare.saag@ut.ee
c
MD, PhD, e-mail: binhthuybi@yahoo.com; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-4601
d
MD, PhD, Associate Professor; e-mail: katre.maasalu@kliinikum.ee; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-0116
e
MD, PhD, Professor; e-mail: sulev.koks@perron.uwa.edu.au; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-6643
f
MD, PhD, Professor; e-mail: aare.martson@kliinikum.ee; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4857-484X
g
MD, PhD; e-mail: ltthuy@dhktyduocdn.edu.vn
h
DDS, PhD, Associate Professor; e-mail: triin.jagomagi@ut.ee; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4023-6256
ABSTRACT https://doi.org/10.25241/stomaeduj.2020.7(2).art.2
Background Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the collective term for a heterogeneous group of connective
tissue syndromes. The aim of the current study is to describe dental characteristics, including dentinogenesis
imperfecta (DGI), dental wear, occlusal features, and dental caries experience of Vietnamese persons with OI.
Methods The sample consisted of 74 individuals with OI classified into type I (n=25), type III (n=24), and type
IV (n=25). All participants were examined for DGI through the evaluation of intrinsic color variation, dental
wear using Hooper’s index, occlusal features (including Angle’s classification, overjet, overbite, crossbite) and
dental caries experience by using the dmft/DMFT index.
Results DGI was found in 62.2% of the sample and was significantly related to OI type III and type IV (p=0.019).
Dental wear occurred in 36.5% and was equivalent among OI types. Angle Class III malocclusion was more
prevalent in type III (66.7%) and type IV (54.5%) than in type I (37.5%). High prevalence of reverse overjet
(60.3%), posterior crossbite (32.2%), and missing teeth (23.3%) were found in the OI sample. The mean dmft/
DMFT score was 3.0/2.2. The dental findings related to dental wear, occlusal features, and dental caries did
not show significant differences among type I, III, and IV.
Conclusion There was a high prevalence of DGI and dental wear in the Vietnamese OI sample. Occlusal
features were related to a high prevalence of class III malocclusion, overjet, open bite, posterior crossbite,
and missing teeth. Dental caries experience of persons with OI was at a moderate level.
KEYWORDS
Dental Care for Disabled; Dentinogenesis Imperfecta; Dental Occlusion; Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
OPEN ACCESS This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
Peer-Reviewed Article
Citation: Nguyen MS, Saag M, Duy BH, Maasalu K, Kõks S, Märtson A, Le TT, Jagomägi T. Dental findings of persons with osteogenesis imperfecta in
Vietnam. Stoma Edu J. 2020;7(2):94-101.
Received: March 10, 2020; Revised: April 02, 2020; Accepted: May 06, 2020; Published: May 08, 2020
*Corresponding author: Minh Son Nguyen, DDS, PhD, Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, Danang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy
99 Hung Vuong street, Danang City, Vietnam
Tel/Fax: +84-983-060-321; e-mail: minhson1883@gmail.com
Copyright: © 2020 the Editorial Council for the Stomatology Edu Journal.
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Osteogenesis imperfecta in Vietnam
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1. INTRODUCTION was based on evaluating color variation, including
Original Articles
lightness level, saturation, and hue of teeth, using
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the collective term the Vita System 3D-Master.
for a heterogeneous group of connective tissue The system consists of six lightness level groups
syndromes. Seventeen mutated genes have been from 0 to 5 (0=lightest, 5=darkest), five grades of
found related to OI syndromes [1,2]. The mutation color saturation (chroma) with a given score of 1,
incidence varies in different populations from 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3, and three levels of hue (L=yellowish,
1/20,000 to 1/10,000 OI cases [3–5]. M=intermediate hue, R=reddish). In the current
The clinical classification of OI includes five types study, the lightness level was divided into grades
(type I–V) [2,6]. Type I is a mild phenotype with of lightness (score 0–2) and darkness (score 3–5);
dominantly inherited OI and blue sclerae; type II chroma was grouped into low saturation (score 1–2)
is related to perinatal lethality; type III results in and high saturation (score 2.5–3).
progressive deformity throughout the lifespan; type Tooth shades were determined in daylight in 5–7
IV is similar to type I, but sclerae are normal; and type seconds. In our study, DGI was confirmed by intrinsic
V has mesh-like bone appearance due to calcification color variation with teeth that were darker, had high
in inter-osseous membranes. In clinical studies, types color saturation and displayed a reddish hue.
I, III and IV are often mentioned to describe the clinical
features of living individuals with OI syndrome. 2.3. Measurement of dental wear
Collagen mutation may influence the dental-facial A dental impression was taken for pouring a dental
structures of individuals with OI. Previous studies cast to measure tooth wear using a millimeter probe.
indicated that more than 50% of individuals with OI Tooth wear was evaluated based on Hopper's index
had class III malocclusions [7-9]. The OI syndromes [15]. A six-point scale (0=no wear, 5=the most severe)
cause not only maxillary deficiencies but also was used to identify a tooth as having incisal/cuspal
hypodontia [8,10]. Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) wear. The level of tooth wear was grouped into no/
and dental abnormalities are also observed in intra- mild and moderate/severe levels.
oral and radiologic examination of persons with OI,
such alterations may result in premature wear of 2.4. Examination of dental caries
dental structure [10-13]. This suggests that OI has an The dental caries experience of persons with OI was
impact on many oral conditions. Because it is a rare recorded using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth
disease, many OI studies focus on finding genetic index for permanent teeth (DMFT) and for primary
mutations and on the treatment of bone fractures. teeth (dmft). A decayed tooth was registered as
There are still gaps in the scientific literature about presenting primary caries or secondary caries next
the dental health of individuals with OI. In Vietnam to a filling. A missing tooth was a tooth that was
although OI has been assessed medically [14], extracted due to caries. A filled tooth was a tooth
to the authors’ knowledge, the dental aspects with restoration but without additional caries. The
of OI types have not been reported. Therefore, dmft/DMFT score was the sum of decayed, missing
the aim of the current study is to investigate the and filled teeth.
dental characteristics of persons with OI, including
dentinogenesis imperfecta, dental wear, dental 2.5. Analysis of occlusion
caries experience, and malocclusion. Occlusal variables of OI dentition consisted of 10
variables including overbite, overjet, open bite,
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS posterior crossbite, contact point displacement,
midline diastema, molar Angle classification, incisal
2.1. Study sample segment crowding, and incisal segment spacing.
This is a cross-sectional study and the total sample
consisted of 74 OI persons aged 2–37 years (mean 2.6. Calibration procedure
age = 10.6 ± 7.1, median age = 9.0) from 34 healthcare The dental status of an OI person was examined twice
centers across Vietnam. The OI diagnosis was based on the same day by the first author (MSN) at local
on Sillence’s classification [5] and was confirmed by healthcare centers to ensuring reliability between
two orthopedic experts. OI participants or their legal the interval examination and inter-examiner.
representatives signed informed consent forms. The Kappa value of 0.92 and 0.87 indicated high
The Danang University of Medical Technology and reliability of the clinical examination. The first author
Pharmacy (No. 523/CN-DHKTYDDN) approved this also conducted an analysis of occlusion and dental
study. All procedures were performed according wear on dental casts. The calculated Kappa values
to the World Medical Association Declaration of were above 0.85, indicating a high degree of intra-
Helsinki. examiner and inter-analysis reliability.
2.2. Examination of dentinogenesis imperfecta 2.7. Statistical analysis
DGI was clinically diagnosed according to the Shields' Data entry and analyses were performed with the
classification [13]. The clinical examination of DGI Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software
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Nguyen MS, et al.
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Original Articles Table 1. Prevalence of dentinogenesis imperfecta and tooth discoloration in persons with osteogenesis imperfecta.
OI classification
Total
Variable p-valuea
N = 74 Type I Type III Type IV
n = 25 n = 24 n = 25
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
No 37.8 60.0 25.0 28.0
0.019*
Yes 62.2 40.0 75.0 72.0
Tooth coloration
Lightness level
0-2 12.2 28.0 0 8.0
0.008*b
3-5 87.8 72.0 100 92.0
Saturation (Chroma)
Low 75.7 72.0 79.2 76.0
High 24.3 28.0 20.8 24.0 0.842
Hue
Yellowish (L) 10.8 4.0 8.3 20.0
Intermediate hue (M) 79.7 88.0 79.2 72.0 0.418
Reddish (R) 9.5 8.0 12.5 8.0
a
Chi-square test; b: Fisher's test
*
Significant.
Table 2. Prevalence of dental wear in persons with osteogenesis imperfecta.
OI classification
Total
Dental wear Type I Type III Type IV p-value
N = 74
n = 25 n = 24 n = 25
Prevalence of OI persons with dental wear
No/mild 63.5 55.6 69.6 63.6 0.652a
Moderate/severe 36.5 44.4 30.4 36.4
Mean percentage of teeth showing wear in dentition
No/mild 90.4 89.7 93.5 87.9 0.647b
version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). 9.6
Moderate/severe type IV (72%) than type
10.3 6.5 I (40%, p=0.019).
12.1 Regarding
Chi-square test; bANOVA test.
a
version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). color variation, 72% dentition of type I, 92% of type
The Chi-square test and ANOVA test were used to IV, and 100% of type III were graded in darkness
identify the differences related to DGI, dental wear, levels. Prevalence of high saturation was fairly
occlusal features, and dmft/DMFT score among OI equivalent among type I (28.0%), type III (20.8%),
types I, III, and IV. An interval confidence level of 95% and type IV (24.0%, p=0.842). The hue component of
and a two-sided p-value of .05 were set for significant the total dentitions was 10.8% of yellowish, 79.7% of
difference. intermediate hue, and 9.5% of reddish.
There were no differences in hue components among
3. RESULTS OI types (p = 0.418) (Table 1). Dental wear occurred
in 36.5% of OI individuals, of which 44.4% presented
The study included 74 persons with OI aged 2–37 in type I, 30.4% in type III, and 36.4% in type IV. The
years (50% females and 50% males). The distribution mean percentage of the amount of tooth wear in
of clinical diagnoses was 33.8% type I (n=25), 32.4% dentition was found in 12.1% of type IV, 10.5% of
type III (n=24), and 33.8% type IV (n=25). Primary type I, and 6.5% of type III. However, there were no
dentition was accounted for in 31.1% of the sample, differences in the distribution of tooth wear among
mixed dentition was in 37.8%, and permanent den- three types of OI (p>0.05, Table 2). Table 3 shows
tition was 31.1%. Dentinogenesis imperfecta was the characteristics of dentition associated with each
found in 62.2% of the total sample. Prevalence of DGI type of OI. According to Angle's classification, class
was statistically more frequent in type III (75%) and III was more prevalent in type III (66.7%) and type
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Original Articles
Table 3. Prevalence of occlusal features in persons with osteogenesis imperfecta.
OI classification
Total
Variable Type I Type III Type IV p-value
N = 74
n = 25 n = 24 n = 25
Angle’s classification
Class I 27.1 43.8 23.8 18.2 0.231
Class II 18.6 18.8 9.5 27.3
Class III 54.2 37.5 66.7 54.5
Overbite >3.5mm
No 80.7 64.3 90.5 81.8 0.155
Yes 19.3 35.7 9.5 18.2
Increased overjet > 3.5 mm
No 100 100 100 100 -
Yes 0 0 0 0
Reverse overjet
No 39.7 60.0 33.3 31.8
0.173
Yes 60.3 40.0 66.7 62.8
Posterior crossbite
No 67.8 75.0 57.1 72.7
0.424
Yes 32.2 25.0 42.9 27.3
Open bite
No 82.5 100 75.0 77.3
0.133
Yes 17.5 0 25.0 22.7
Diastema
No 86.4 87.5 90.5 81.8 0.702
Yes 13.6 12.5 9.5 18.2
Displacement > 2mm
No 66.1 75.0 52.4 72.7 0.251
Yes 33.9 25.0 47.6 27.3
Incisal segment crowding
No 53.4 75.0 42.9 47.6 0.121
Yes 46.7 25.0 57.1 52.4
Incisal segment spacing
No 66.1 62.5 76.2 59.1 0.466
Yes 33.9 37.5 23.8 40.9
Missing teeth
No 76.7 76.5 76.2 77.3 0.996
Yes 23.3 23.5 23.8 22.7
Chi-square test; *Significant.
IV (54.5%) than in type I (37.5%). No OI persons DMFT score was 3.0 ± 4.1 and 2.2 ± 4.6 respectively.
had an increased overjet (>3.5mm), but 60.3% of The dmft and DMFT scores were equivalent among
individuals had reverse overjet. Posterior crossbite types of OI (p>0.05). None of the persons with OI
occurred in 32.2% of the total OI sample, of which received restorative treatment for decayed teeth,
42.9% presented in type III, 27.3% in type IV, and and none of the permanent teeth in type III and IV
25.0% in type I. High prevalence of incisal segment were extracted due to caries.
crowding (46.7%), incisal segment spacing (33.9%),
displacement of tooth>2mm (33.9%), missing teeth 4. DISCUSSION
(23.3%), open bite (19.3%) and diastema (13.6%)
were also found in the total sample, but no significant 4.1. General information about Vietnamese persons
differences were observed among type I, III and IV with OI. This is a preliminary study conducted in
(p>0.05). Table 4 indicates dental caries experience Vietnam to collect the dental characteristics of
within the OI sample; the mean of the dmft and persons who suffer from OI. The total sample of our
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Original Articles Table 4. Mean score of dental caries components of primary and permanent teeth in osteogenesis imperfecta patients.
OI classification
Total
Dental caries experience Type I Type III Type IV p-value
N = 74
n = 25 n = 24 n = 25
Primary teeth
dt 1.8 ± 3.2 0.9 ± 2.0 3.2 ± 4.3 1.7 ± 3.1 0.111
mt 1.3 ± 2.4 1.1 ± 2.8 1.6 ± 2.3 1.2 ±2.0 0.771
ft 0 0 0 0 -
dmft 3.0 ± 4.1 1.9 ± 3.4 4.9 ± 4.4 2.8 ± 4.4 0.119
Permanent teeth
DT 1.7 ± 2.4 1.0 ± 1.6 2.3 ±2.9 1.6 ± 2.3 0.295
MT 0.3 ± 1.8 0.9 ± 3.5 0 0 0.272
FT 0 0 0 0 -
DMFT 2.2 ± 4.6 2.9 ±7 .9 2.3 ± 2.8 1.6 ± 2.3 0.753
ANOVA test
dt/DT: decayed teeth; mt/MT = missing teeth; ft/FT = filled teeth.
study was 74 OI persons from thirty-four provinces red intermediate to reddish color. Our study found
that are home to approximately 60 million of the that 36.5% of OI persons had dental wear. This is
total population of Vietnam, meaning that the in line with previous investigations that found the
prevalence of OI in Vietnam is estimated at 1/480,000. prevalence of dental wear ranging from 37.5% to
Our prevalence might be lower compared to the 66.5% in OI samples [11,12]. Dental wear occurring
prevalence of 1/25,000-1/10,000 reported in other in OI person could be from DGI. Among DGI types
countries [3-5]. Our study lacked information about of Shields’ classification, DGI type I is associated with
OI in the newborn infant group, and OI’s mild type OI because of the inherited disorders of collagen
might be undiagnosed in the general population; in metabolism; whereas, DGI type II and III are mutations
addition, OI type II was excluded from the present affecting the dentin sialophosphoprotein gene
study. Nonetheless, the distribution of OI types in [13]. The mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes
our study approached a range distribution of 39- would cause DGI type I that teeth easily expose the
79% for type I, 9-24% for type III, and 13-40% for abnormal dentine and were typically worn.
type IV, as reported in previous studies [10,11,16,17]. Approximately 10% of teeth in both dentitions
Bisphosphonate therapy has good results in were showed a severely worn condition in the
increasing the bone mineral density; however, most current study. Preventive and restorative care of DGI
of our participants could not follow bisphosphonate and dental wear are important for Vietnamese OI
therapy due to inaccessibility of adequate medical persons. The treatment considerations are preser-
care, sustainment or counseling from the medical vation of occlusal height, maintenance of oral
professionals. function and esthetic needs. Nonetheless, most
of OI persons might not receive dental treatment
4.2. Dentinogenesis imperfecta and dental wear because of the family economic hardship; thus, there
A high prevalence of DGI was found in Vietnamese is a need for more effective support for OI persons to
with OI. Our results were in accordance with a study approach treatment to restore the harmony of the
by Majorana et al. [12] that indicated that 62.5% of oral functions.
an Italian OI sample had DGI. Conversely, Malgrem
[11] and Saeves [10] found that the prevalence of 4.3. Occlusal features
DGI in OI samples in Sweden and Norway was 41.5% OI mutation not only has an impact on dental
and 19.0%, respectively. Concerning DGI related to structure but also on dental occlusion. The findings
types of OI, our study is consistent with previous of our study indicate that class III malocclusion
studies in showing DGI to be more prevalent in presented in 54.2% of the sample, which was similar
OI type III than in type I and IV [10,18], indicating to 60-80% of class III malocclusion in investigations
that DGI is related to the severity of OI. DGI is a in Taiwan and Canada [7,9]. In the current study,
disorder of dentin formation causing deposition class III malocclusion was more prevalent in OI
of dentine, obliteration of the pulp chamber and type III compared to type IV and I. An individual
intrinsic discoloration. This could explain the finding with OI type III is described as having a triangular
that up to 80% of dentition in our OI sample were face, and this feature might be associated with
graded as having a dark lightness level and yellow- class III malocclusion. High prevalence of class III in
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the Vietnamese OI sample corresponded with the 4.4. Dental caries experience
Original Articles
prevalence of OI persons having reverse overjet. Dental caries is a major concern for persons with
Reverse overjet is a manifestation of disharmony OI because of difficulties with physical activity for
between the maxilla and the mandible. In the current oral hygiene. The mean score dmft/DMFT of
study, OI persons were likely to have deficient growth 3.0/2.2 indicated a moderate level of dental caries
of the maxilla. The evidence was that a posterior experience in OI sample. Our findings were in accor-
crossbite presented in 25.0-42.9% of OI types, dance with previous studies that highlighted oral
with no OI persons having an overjet > 3.5mm, a problems among the OI population. Saeves et al.
parameter indicating a protrusive maxilla. Our study [10] described that although OI patients in Norway
was strongly supported by previous studies. Chang had regular dental visits and daily oral health habits,
et al. [7] reported a shorter upper facial length in an their oral status was not as good as compared to the
OI sample as compared to a healthy sample. By using general population. Differently from the findings
the discrepancy index in orthodontic treatment, of Saeves in Norway, none of the Vietnamese
Rizkalla et al. [9] found OI to be related with anterior individuals with OI received any restorative treat-
and posterior crossbite. Scalia et al. [19] concluded ment for decayed teeth. The physical disability of
that malocclusion of OI was associated with a persons with OI might influence their ability to visit
retrognathic maxilla. The impairment of maxilla a dentist for dental treatment; in addition, most
growth could be from a lack of type I collagen due of them were from healthcare centers that only
to mutation. In addition, the symptom of loose focused on rehabilitation of OI patients. The dental
joints could be observed in severe cases of OI. When issues and lack of dental visits could accelerate caries
occurring in the temporomandibular joint, it can development in OI persons; however, the num-
stretch more than normal and lead to abnormal jaw ber of decayed teeth of Vietnamese people with
relations. The deficiency of maxillary length might OI was lower compared to the general population
also lead to teeth crowding. Our study found that in Vietnam [22]. This is possibly related to DGI
both the prevalence of displacement of tooth > 2mm presenting in persons with OI. In DGI dentition,
and incisal segment crowding gradually increased the presence of obliterated dentinal tubules and
from OI type I to type IV and type III. According to pulp chamber can prevent penetration of harmful
Sillence’s classification for living OI patients, type I is bacteria, although enamel has chipped away. This
the mildest form, whereas type III is the most severe might explain that the missing teeth component in
form. Such severe deformities of OI type III and IV our study (mt/MT=1.3/0.3) resulted from hypodontia
influenced the defective growth of the maxilla and as aforementioned, not by the impact of caries. The
might also be associated with disharmony of growth shortcoming of our study is an absence the control
between the two jaws. group to compare with the OI sample in evaluation
The evidence was that over 20% of people with OI the risk of oral problems. In addition, radiographic
type III and IV had an open bite in contrast with 0% examination was not carried out for OI participants
of type I. Waltimo-Siren et al. [17] indicated that to determine the reasons for missing teeth due to
the gonial angle of OI type I was 124.6 degrees, impacted teeth or hypodontia.
which was lower compared to the 126.3 degrees
of OI type III/IV. Similarly, Chang et al. [7] found a 5. CONCLUSION
clockwise rotation of the mandible of OI patients as
compared to the control group. Such alterations in There was a high prevalence of dentinogenesis imper-
the mandible might be associated with an open-bite fecta and dental wear in the Vietnamese OI sample,
of occlusion in OI patients. especially in OI type III and IV. The occlusal features of
The mutations of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in persons OI persons were determined with a high prevalence
with OI might prohibit tooth formation and of class III, malocclusion, overjet, open bite, posterior
development. In the current study, the prevalence crossbite, and missing teeth. The dental caries
of missing teeth was equivalent among OI types, experience of persons with OI was at a moderate
and it ranged from 22.7-23.8%; that was much level, and none of the study’s subjects had received
higher compared to 0.5-11.0% of missing teeth in any dental restorations.
the general population [20]. The findings related to
missing teeth in our study are reinforced by previous CONFLICT OF INTEREST
OI studies. Tooth agenesis was found in 17% of The authors declare no conflict of interest.
the OI sample, including 11% hypodontia and 6%
oligodontia [18]. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Approximately 14% of individuals with OI type III
MSN: performed clinical studies, data acquisition, statistical
had congenital missing teeth [21], and in our study, analysis, and manuscripts writing, MS: analysis results,
missing teeth accounted for 23.8% of OI type III. The proofreading, BH: data acquisition, KM: data acquisition and
odds of having missing teeth among persons with interpretation of the results, SK: interpretation of the results,
OI was more 2.0-4.7 times compared to the general AM: data acquisition, TT: data acquisition and manuscript
population [8,10]. literature search, TJ: protocol, proofreading.
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Original Articles ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the Estonian Science Foundation
grant ESF 9255, the Estonian Research Council IUT 20-46 and
Eramus+ EDUSHARE projects.
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100 Stoma Edu J. 2020;7(2): 94-101 pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
Osteogenesis imperfecta in Vietnam
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
Minh Son NGUYEN
DDS, PhD, Head
Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology
Danang University of Medial Technology and Pharmacy
Danang City, Vietnam
CV
Minh Son Nguyen was awarded a PhD degree in 2018 at the Institute of Dentistry, University of Tartu. Currently, he is the Head
of the Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology and a lecturer at the Danang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Vietnam.
Dr. Nguyen has published peer-reviewed articles related to temporomandibular disorders, prosthodontics, and community
dental health.
Questions
1. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic mutation affecting
qa. Connective tissue;
qb. Bone;
qc. Eyes;
qd. Dentition.
2. Which type of osteogenesis imperfecta cannot be observed in living persons?
qa. Type I;
qb. Type II;
qc. Type III;
qd. Type IV.
3. The high prevalence of malocclusion that can be observed in persons with OI is related to
qa. Angle’s class I;
qb. Angle’s class II, division I;
qc. Angle’s class II, division II;
qd. Angle’s class III.
4. Which type of dentinogenesis imperfecta is associated with osteogenesis imperfecta?
qa. Only DGI type I;
qb. DGI type I and type II;
qc. DGI type I and type III;
qd. DGI type II and type III.
Stoma Edu J. 2020;7(2): 94-101 pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285 101