Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
DENTAL MATERIALS
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ACCURACY/ACCURACY
OF ELASTOMERIC CONDENSATION AND ADDITION
IMPRESSIONING MATERIALS
Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu
1a
, Irini Qirici
2b
, Maria-Emilia Constantin
1c*
, Marian Miculescu
3d
,
Florin-Eugen Constatinescu
4e
, Lucian-Toma Ciocan
1f
Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” Medicine and Pharmacy University, , Dionisie Lupu Str., District , Bucharest, Romania
Faculty of Medical Engineering, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, -, Gheorghe Polizu Str., Corp F, District , Bucharest, Romania
Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, , Splaiul Independentei, corp JA -, District , Bucharest,
Romania
Doctoral School, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, , Dionisie Lupu Str., District , Bucharest, Romania
a
DDS, PhD, Assistant Professor; e-mail: vlad.vasilescu@umfcd.ro; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/---X
b
BioEng, PhD; e-mail: iriniqirici@yahoo.com
c
student;e-mail:maria-emilia.constantin@stud.umfcd.ro;ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/---
d
Eng, PhD, Professor; e-mail: marian.miculescu@upb.ro; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/---
e
DDS, MSc.Neur.Orth; e-mail: florin-eugen.constantinescu@drd.umfcd.ro; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/---
f
DMD, MD, PhD, Associate Professor; e-mail: lucian.ciocan@umfcd.ro; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/---
Introduction The scientic selection of dental materials in modern dentistry requires the evaluation of their
characteristics based on physical, chemical, and mechanical tests, in order to assess their typical properties.
Comparative analysis of material characteristics for the right option in a specic application has demonstrated
over time a close link between the clinical success of materials and certain of their properties.
Methodology The purpose of the study is to evaluate the basic characteristics, namely delity and
dimensional stability, of some elastomeric addition and condensation materials. The experimental samples
made of siloxane polyvinyl with dierent uidity (medium and high) were placed in a delity test device (test
block, mold), according to SR EN 4823:2002 standard, two samples of each, one being condensation and the
other addition.
Results The study of the adaptation mode and the characteristics regarding the impressioning accuracy was
carried out by three methods of analysis, namely: stereomicroscopy, photolithography and digital scanning.
Stereomicroscopy showed that the material adapted well to the mold surface, but showed irregularities.
Photolithography indicated that the material has good delity, even if some of the samples are less accurate,
and digital scanning reinforces the idea that the materials used in this study show good delity.
Conclusion The results obtained are satisfactory for the experimental samples of addition and condensation
polyvinyl siloxane, all the more so as their uidity is higher and the comparative analysis of the results has
provided conclusive information on the properties suitable for accurate impressioning.
Dental Impression; Fidelity, Accuracy, Dimensional Accuracy, Addition and Condensation Polyvinyl Siloxane.
OPEN ACCESS This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
Peer-Reviewed Article
Citation: Vasilescu VG, Qirici I, Constantin ME, et al. Comparative accuracy evaluation of condensing and addition impression materials. Stoma Edu J.
2024;11(1-2):35-41.
Received: December 17, 2023; Revised: March 03, 2024; Accepted: March 25, 2024; Published: March 29, 2024.
*Corresponding author: Maria-Emilia Constantin, Prosthetics Technology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and
Pharmacy, 4–6, Eforiei Str., 4th Floor, O. 31, District 5, 050037 Bucharest, Romania; Phone +40724–902 400, Fax +4021–313 53 77;
e-mail:
mariaconstantin1810@gmail.com
Copyright: © 2022 the Editorial Council for the Stomatology Edu Journal.
ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
1. INTRODUCTION
The selection of impression materials in dentistry
is based on their characteristics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
and mainly takes into account the impressioning
techniques used [9,10,11] and the particularities of
the prosthetic eld. Among these characteristics,
of particular practical importance are: delity or
accuracy with which impression materials manage
to reproduce the nest details of the prosthetic
eld, plasticity, dened by the ability of the material
to be deformed and modeled under the action
of minimal pressure, recording all morphological
details of the prosthetic eld without deforming its
reliefs, dimensional stability, or a characteristic of
the material that ensures the faithful preservation of
the negative image of the prosthetic eld from the
moment of disinsertion of the imprint from the oral
cavity until after the nal grip of the material, the time
of socket, or the characteristic that must satisfy the
clinical requirements according to the particularities
of each impressioning technique [12,13,14,15,16],
compatibility with model materials.
https://doi.org/10.25241/stomaeduj.2024.11(1-2).art.2
Original Articles
35-41
35
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
35-41
Fidelity and dimensional stability are two essential
physical characteristics characterizing the perfor-
mance of synthetic elastomers as impression
materials [17,18,19] as a result of remarkable advances
in synthetic polymer chemistry. These characteristics
express the ability of silicone and polyetheric
impression materials to reproduce the surface
details of dental preparations in a very precise way
and to maintain these details over a period of time
sucient to allow precise patterns to be cast under
optimal conditions. Factors aecting the delity
and dimensional stability of elastomeric impression
materials [20,21] include changes that occur during
polymerization, such as volumetric reductions, loss
of alcoholic groups, which cause contractions and,
last but not least, temperature, disinfectants and
impressioning techniques. Synthetic elastomers
(polysuldes, polysiloxane polyethers), according
to international norms (ISO) are classied as follows:
type I - putty (Putty); type II - with increased viscosity
for preliminary impressions (Heavy bodied); type III
- medium viscosity for a wide range of impressions
(Regular); type IV- low viscosity (uids) for syringe
injection techniques (Light bodied).
Silicone elastomers (silicones) are compounds
containing organic groups, one or more of which
are covalently bonded to a silicon atom [22,23,24].
Silicones are sold in three viscosity variants (high,
medium and low), each in a two-component system
(base and catalyst). The base is packaged in tubes
(silicones of medium and uid consistency) or in
cartons (those with chitous consistency), and the
catalyst (activator) in vials, when in liquid form,
or in tubes when presented as a paste. Silicone
elastomers used for impressioning are obtained
either by polycondensation reactions or by polyaddi-
tion reactions [25,26]. The addition silicones are
composed of base paste (polyvinylsiloxane) and
accelerator paste (polyxyloxane with terminal vinyl
group, organometallic catalyst – chloroplatinic acid).
Condensation silicones are composed of base paste
(polydimethylsiloxane, inert inorganic mass that
ensures the necessary viscosity and rigidity consists
of pyrolytic silica and titanium dioxide (plasticizer))
and accelerator paste (tin octotate, ethyl orthosilicate,
sometimes chromium oxide or palladium metal
particles with the role of capturing hydrogen that is not
benecial to the footprint surface). Siloxane polyvinyl
materials are an improvement in condensation
silicones. Both are based on polydimethyl siloxane
polymer, but their plug processes are distinct due
to the presence of dierent terminal groups. In
the basic substance, a polymer containing silane
terminal groups called polymethyl hydrogen siloxane
copolymer is present, which has a low molecular
weight. Vinyl polydimethyl siloxane is present in the
accelerator substance, although it comprises vinyl
terminal groups, and this polymer has a moderately
low molecular weight. As a homogeneous metallic
complex catalyst, chloroplatinic acid is also a
component of the accelerator material. When silane
and vinyl groups are combined, an addition process
takes place. The properties of siloxane polyvinyl vary
greatly in terms of viscosity, working and grip time,
breaking energy, elastic recovery and deformation,
dimensional stability, creep conformity, radiopacity,
etc. [27]. It is common when uid silicone, with low
viscosity, is used in the second time in impressioning
techniques, after using chitous material. Each material
has its own advantages and disadvantages, and its
choice is made based on factors such as accuracy,
ease of use and patient comfort [28]. They must
demonstrate excellent detail reproduction, good
tear resistance, be biocompatible and non-toxic, etc.
The evaluation of basic characteristics such as delity
and dimensional stability, but also the comparative
analysis of the results obtained when evaluating
them by the three study methods, demonstrates the
possibility of successful use of elastomeric addition
and condensation materials [30, 37, 38, 39].
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material used in the experiments is polyvinyl
siloxane of dierent uidities. For each high and
medium uidity, two samples were obtained, one
condensation and the other addition.
2.1. Preparation of test samples
a) The medium uidity condensation polyvinyl
siloxane sample is prepared from Zhermack Zetaplus
chitous silicone and Zhermack catalyst, indurent
(induced) gel. The two components were thoroughly
mixed to remove air bubbles (mixing time about 30
seconds) until a homogeneous, grey mixture was
obtained (Fig. 1a).
b) The medium uidity addition polyvinyl siloxane
sample was prepared from Zhermack elite HD+
chitous silicone and a Zhermack elite HD+ catalyst by
manually mixing the two components to eliminate
air bubbles for about 30 seconds. A homogeneous
yellow-orange material was obtained (Fig. 1b).
c) The high uidity condensation polyvinyl siloxane
sample was prepared from Lascod silicone Silaxyl
Light body = uid consciousness, together with a
universal catalyst, Coltene Speedex activator. Mixing
these two materials was done on waxed paper, by
mixing vigorously with a spatula and pressing on
waxed paper to remove air bubbles. The mixing time
is approximately 30 seconds until a homogeneous
blue material is obtained (Fig. 2a).
d) The high-uidity addition polyvinyl siloxane
sample was prepared from a Zhermack elite HD+
super light body consistency. A pink sample of
suitable consistency (neither hard nor soft) was
obtained (Fig. 2b).
Vasilescu VG et al.
Figure 1a. Siloxane polyvinyl samples: a. condensation with medium fluidity.
Figure 1b. Siloxane polyvinyl samples: b. addition with medium fluidity.
Figure 2a. Siloxane polyvinyl samples: a. High fluidity condensation.
Figure 2b. Siloxane polyvinyl samples: b. high fluidity addition.
36
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
35-41
The four samples of dierent colors, respectively
of the four impression materials, were placed in a
delity testing device (a stainless steel test block) in
accordance with SR EN 4823:2002 standard, (Fig. 3) for
the evaluation of elastomeric impression materials.
The preparation of the samples consists in preparing
the paste from the studied impression material,
placing it in the mold (standard) and evenly
distributing throughout the mold mass to eliminate
gaps and air bubbles. After about 3-5 minutes the
sample is subjected to analysis.
2.2. Methods for analysing experimental samples
The study of adaptation mode and impressioning
accuracy characteristics was carried out by
three methods of analysis: stereomicroscopy,
photolithography and digital scanning.
2.2.1. Stereomicroscopy analysis
For this experimental study, the Nikon SMZ1270
stereomicroscope was used with a wide range of
accessories (trinocular tubes and diascopic lighting
holders with thin LEDs), which has a number of
advantages, such as zoom ratio, the highest in its
class, and high-resolution viewing of 640LP/mm.
2.2.2. Analysis by photolithography
Photolithography has the ability to manipulate the
geometry of features with very good precision and
can produce patterns with very small characteristics,
down to several tens of nanometers.
2.2.3. Analysis by digital CAD/CAM scanning
The study used PlanScan Lab's PlanScan Lab scanner.
Gypsum patterns and impressions can be scanned
quickly and accurately using this desktop scanner,
with a wide range of applications including full arch
bridges, implant bars and crowns.
3. RESULTS
The results regarding the delity and dimensional
stability were obtained, recorded and studied,
expressed by the dimensions (widths and length)
of the three parallel grooves on the standard (mold)
and on the experimental samples. The results of the
stereomicroscopy analysis are shown in the images
below, which shows the average of the width values
of the three parallel grooves on the ve samples.
The trenches have dierent widths, trench 1 is the
thickest, trench 2 is medium width and trench 3 the
thinnest.
The width
of the
grooves
Standard Zhermack
Zetaplus
putty
(gray)
Zhermack
elite HD+
putty
(yellow)
Lascod
Silaxil
light
body
(blue )
Zhermack
elite HD+
light
body
(violet)
Groove 1 187.80m 1.60mm 1.21 mm 181.34m 2.30 mm
Groove 2 182.63m 167.13m 656.36m 149.47m 2.09 mm
Groove 3 169.71m 103.81m 161.96m 123.62m 1.39 mm
3.1. Results of stereomicroscopy analysis
Also with the help of the stereomicroscope, the
length of the trench was measured on each sample,
the measurement results are shown in the images
below (Fig. 4ab-5ab) and in Table 2.
Groove
depth
Mold Gray
sample
Yellow
sample
Blue
sample
Sample
purple
Value 24.895 mm 24.844 mm 25.114 mm 24.834 mm 24.849 mm
3.2. Results of photolithography analysis
The images below (Fig. 6a-6b) present the
experimental results for each sample in which
two proles were recorded, one representing the
length of the sample, and the other the depths of
the three grooves. For this analysis, in addition to
photolithography, advanced metrology (Metrology
4.0 Analysis 9.1.9957) was used to study surface
roundness and to measure important structural
factors such as size, depth, geometry and surface
quality.
Figure 3. The three components of the test piece.
Evaluation of Impression Materials
Table 2. The three components of the test piece.
Figure 4a. Ditch length a. on metal piece.
Figure 4b. Ditch length b. on Zhermack zetaplus putty sample.
Figure5a. Ditch length a. on Zhermack elite HD+ putty sample.
Figure 5b. Ditch length b. on the Lascod Silaxil light body sample.
Table 1. Average furrow width measurements from five different areas.
Figure 6a. Profile 1 / mold length.
37
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
35-41
3.3. Analysis results from digital scanning
The images below (Fig. 7a-7b) show the results of the
analysis from the digital scan. These images show
the samples in 3D CAD/CAM plane, but also the
measurements made for the length of the trench.
The samples were placed on the scanner stand,
scanned, and then converted into 3D images. Table 6
shows the lengths for each of the 5 samples.
Groove
depth
Mold Gray
sample
Yellow
sample
Blue
sample
Sample
purple
Groove 1 0.3366 mm 0.4062 mm 0.3700 mm 0.3791 mm 0.3803 mm
Groove 2 0.2120 mm 0.1404 mm 0.2080 mm 0.0001 mm 0.1858 mm
Groove 3 0.2480 mm 0.1890 mm 0.2970 mm 0.3297 mm 0.2344 mm
4. DISCUSSION
The stereomicroscpie analysis highlighted the
impressioning characteristics of the experimental
samples by evaluating the size values (width and length)
of the three parallel grooves on the ve experimental
samples and the dierences recorded from those on
the block (standard) test. From the measured width
values/table 1 it follows that the three parallel grooves
(1, 2 and 3) are uneven, starting with the rst groove
where there is a large dierence between the samples
and the block test. More accurate results in width with
the standard were obtained in the sample of addition
polyvinyl siloxane with medium uidity (yellow).
Trench length measurements (Tab. 2) show very
accurate values between samples. The medium uidity
addition polyvinyl siloxane sample has a slightly lower
value, and the high uidity condensation polyvinyl
siloxane sample (blue) has values close to the block
test length. Compared to the other samples, high-
uidity condensation polyvinyl siloxane has the values
closest to standard. Having greater uidity means that
it also has a large grip contraction, which leads to high
dimensional stability, but distortions can occur if the
plug contraction is greater than it should be. When
assessing the shrinkage of the socket, it is observed
how much the material has entered the trench (delity)
and how much it has contracted between the edges
(stability).
The photolithography analysis that records the proles
of the experimental samples assessing the length and
depth of the three grooves revealed that the samples
have the same diameter as the mold (prole 1), with
very small dierences between them, of 0.003-0.100
mm (Tab. 3). Trench length measurements show similar
values for all of them, namely 25 mm. Compared to
the trench length in the mold, which is 24.9193 mm,
samples show that the material is adapted to the mold,
i.e. it contracted well between the edges of the mold.
Prole 2 shows the depths of the trenches, measured
values on the standard sample and on the experimental
samples. The values in the mold range from 0.1424 mm
(trench 1) and 0.0937 (trench 3) to 0.0560 mm (trench
2), but it is noticeable that the material did not insinuate
itself very well in all cases (Tab. 4).
The width
of the
grooves
Standard Zhermack
Zetaplus
putty
(gray)
Zhermack
elite HD+
putty
(yellow)
Lascod
Silaxil
light
body
(blue )
Zhermack
elite HD+
light
body
(violet)
Value 1 25.066 mm 25.677 mm 23.184 mm 25.109 mm 25.218 mm
Length of
the
groove
Groove
depth
Mold Gray
sample
Yellow
sample
Blue
sample
Value 24.9193 mm 25.0957 mm 25.3846 mm 25.3893 mm 25.5502 mm
Vasilescu VG et al.
Figure 6b. Profile 2 / depths of mold grooves.
Figure 10. Profile 1 / sample length of medium fluidity condensation
polyvinyl siloxane (grey material).
Figure 11. Profile 2 / depth of grooves of medium fluidity condensation
polyvinyl siloxane sample (grey material).
Table 3. Groove length values on the five samples.
Table 4. These are the groove depth values for the five samples.
Table 6. The groove length values from the scan of the five samples.
38
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
Evaluation of Impression Materials
35-41
Knowing that impression materials usually evince
shrinkage of the socket, with this method of analysis,
one can see how much the material has entered the
trench (delity), but also how much it has contracted
between the edges (stability).
It is visible, both from the graphs and from the tabulated
values, that the uidity of the material inuenced its
adaptation, trench 2 being almost invisible, and in the
case of the addition polyvinyl siloxane sample with
medium uidity (yellow) the material did not even
enter the trench. On the high uidity addition polyvinyl
siloxane sample (violet) all trench depths are observed,
the measurement values being even closer to those in
the mold. If we consider the widths of the grooves, the
mold shows the following values: 0.3366 mm (1), 0.2120
mm (2), 0.2480 (3), and the samples have dierent
values from each other, but are close to those measured
in the mold (Tab. 5).
Groove
depth
Mold Gray
sample
Yellow
sample
Blue
sample
Sample
purple
Groove 1 0.1424 mm 0.1200 mm 0.1280 mm 0.1170 mm 0.1711 mm
Groove 2 0.0560 mm 0.0100 mm 0.0260 mm 0.0098 mm 0.0230 mm
Groove 3 0.0937 mm 0.0370 mm 0.0611 mm 0.0624 mm 0.0780 mm
Here, too, the experimental sample of addition polyvinyl
siloxane with high uidity is the one with values much
closer to the mold. We can also appreciate that the
medium uidity condensation polyvinyl siloxane
sample (gray sample) did not adapt very well to the
mold, and the high uidity addition polyvinyl siloxane
sample (purple sample) has better delity.
The digital scanning analysis method conrms the
previous results and highlights once again that these
materials have adapted well with the respective mold.
The dierences between the values are very small. Only
the medium-uidity addition polyvinyl siloxane sample
has a longer length than the other samples. What is
important, however, is that the shape of the grooves
in the samples is similar to the mold (scan images).
This means that the materials have good stability and
entered the trench very well, the sample closest to the
mold was the purple sample, made of addition polyvinyl
siloxane with wrinkled uidity.
5. CONCLUSION
The precision with which the impression material
records tissue details will determine the quality and
how well the restoration or nal prosthesis ts. This
accuracy of the impression material depends both on
its properties and on the techniques for obtaining the
impression.
The study meets the proposed objective, which is
to evaluate the basic characteristics, namely delity
and dimensional stability of elastomeric addition
and condensation materials with dierent uidity.
Experimental research is aimed at studying the
impressioning accuracy of polyvinyl siloxane as an
impression material. The comparative analysis of
the experimental results on how to adapt and the
accuracy of impressioning by the three study methods
(stereomicroscopy, photolithography and digital
scanning) highlighted the following important aspects
with practical utility:
- photolithography is the method of analysis that has
the best accuracy;
- elastomeric imprint materials with high uidity
reproduce details better compared to those with
increased consistency;
- regardless of consistency (uid or viscous) addition
silicones are more dimensionally stable than
condensation silicones;
- the highest delity (accuracy of reproduction of
details) was demonstrated in experiments by addition
silicone (Elite HD superlight body), probably also due to
the high uidity found during application;
The results of the study shall also provide useful
information on methods of study and analysis in
establishing the essential characteristics of basic
impression materials in order to obtain an accurate
impression.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the
manuscript.
FUNDING
This research received no external funding.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data presented in this study are available on request from the
corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to
privacy reasons.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors declare that there is no conict of interests.
Table 5. Groove width values on the five samples.
REFERENCES
1. Connor RA, Dorfman J, Ring ME, Kamen S. Dentistry.
Encyclopedia Britannica, December 28, 2023. Available from:
https://www.britannica.com/science/dentistry.
2. Ratner BD, Homan AS, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE. Biomaterials
Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. Third Edition,
Elsevier Academic Press: New York, NY, USA; 2013.
Full text links Google Scholar
3. Martinez V. Introduction to dental materials. Accessed: Jun.
12, 2023. [Online]. Available from: https://www.academia.
edu/50756970/Introduction_to_Dental_Materials
4. Sakaguchi RL, Powers JM. Craig's Restorative Dental Mate-
rials-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
Full text links Google Scholar
5. Cleveland Clinic. Dental impressions: denition, purpose &
procedure [Online]. Accessed Apr. 21, 2023. Available from:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22671-den-
tal-impressions
[6. Gupta R, Brizuela M. Dental Impression Materials. 2023 Mar 19.
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;
2024.
7. Bhakta S, Vere J, Calder I, et al. Impressions in implant
dentistry. Br Dent J. 2011 Oct 21;211(8):361-367. doi: 10.1038/
sj.bdj.2011.862.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar WoS
8. The dierence between impression materials [Online].
Accessed Jun. 13, 2023. Available from: https://www.dental-
nursenetwork.com/news/dental-nursing-library/1073-the-die-
rence-between-impression-materials.html
9. Shillingburg HT Jr, Hatch RA, Keenan MP, et al. Impression ma-
terials and techniques used for cast restorations in eight states.
J Am Dent Assoc. 1980 May;100(5):696-699. doi: 10.14219/jada.
archive.1980.0228.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus
10. Morgano SM, Milot P, Ducharme P, et al. Ability of various
impression materials to produce duplicate dies from succes-
sive impressions. J Prosthet Dent. 1995 Apr;73(4):333-340. doi:
10.1016/s0022-3913(05)80327-0.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
11. Chee W, Jivraj S. Impression techniques for implant dentistry.
Br Dent J. 2006 Oct 7;201(7):429-432. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4814118.
Full text links PubMed Google Scholar
39
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
35-41
Vasilescu VG et al.
12. Conventional Impression-Taking | Thommen Medical [Online].
Accessed May 27, 2023. Available from: https://www.thom-
menmedical.com/us-en/dental-professionals/products/impres-
sion-taking/conventional-impression-taking
13. Hamalian TA, Nasr E, Chidiac JJ. Impression materials in
xed prosthodontics: inuence of choice on clinical proce-
dure. J Prosthodont. 2011;20(2):153-160. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-
849X.2010.00673.x. Epub 2011 Feb 1.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
14. Digital impressions or conventional impressions - What's
better? [Online]. Accessed May 27, 2023. Available from: https://
www.cayster.com/blog/digital-impressions-or-conventional-im-
pressions-whats-better
15. Birnbaum NS, Aaronson HB. Dental impressions using 3D
digital scanners: virtual becomes reality. Compend Contin Educ
Dent. 2008;29(8):494, 496, 498-505.
PubMed Google Scholar Scopus
16. Traditional vs. Digital impressions [Online]. Accessed Apr. 21,
2023. Available from: https://prodentusa.com/traditional-vs-digi-
tal-impression-trays/
17. VR Sastri, Vinny R. Plastics in medical devices: properties,
requirements, and applications. William Andrew, eBook ISBN:
9780323851275, 2021.
Google Scholar
18. Tolidis K, Tortopidis D, Gerasimou P, et al. Comparison of
elastomeric impression materials' thixotropic behavior.
Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2013;21(2):75-78.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
19. Mandikos MN. Polyvinyl siloxane impression materials: an
update on clinical use. Aust Dent J. 1998;43(6):428-434. doi:
10.1111/j.1834-7819.1998.tb00204.x.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
20. Gomez-Polo M, Celemin A, del Rio J, et al. Inuence of tech-
nique and pouring time on dimensional stability of
polyvinyl siloxane and polyether impressions. Int J Prosthodont.
2012;25(4):353-356.
PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
21. Ho W, Lin Seow L, Musawi A. Viscosity eects of polyvinyl
siloxane impression materials on the accuracy of the stone die
produced. J Clin Transl Res. 2018;4(1):70-74.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus
22. Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Jamrógiewicz M, Szymkowska K, et
al. Direct human contact with siloxanes (silicones) - safety or risk
part 1. Characteristics of siloxanes (silicones). Front Pharmacol.
2016;7:132. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00132.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar WoS
23. Silicone: a guide to production, uses and benets – SIMTEC
[Online]. Accessed Jun. 13, 2023. Available from: https://www.
simtec-silicone.com/blogs/how-is-silicone-produced/
24. The many uses of dental impression silicone [Online]. Ac-
cessed Apr. 21, 2023. Available from: https://magazine.zhermack.
com/en/laboratory-en/many-uses-of-dental-impression-silicone/
25. Bilir H, Ayguzen C. Comparison of digital and conventional
impression methods by preclinical students: eciency and future
expectations. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2020;10(4):402-409.
doi: 10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_330_18.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
26. Condensation and addition silicon impression material
[Online]. Accessed Jun. 13, 2023. Available from: https://www.
juniordentist.com/silicone-impression-material.html
27. Naumovski B, Kapushevska B. Dimensional stability and
accuracy of silicone - based impression materials using dierent
impression techniques - a literature review. Pril (Makedon Akad
Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 2017;38(2):131-138. doi: 10.1515/
prilozi-2017-0031.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar
28. Zare M, Ghomi ER, Venkatraman PD, et al. Silicone-based
biomaterials for biomedical applications: antimicrobial strategies
and 3D printing technologies. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
2021;138(38):50969.
CrossRef Google Scholar Scopus WoS
29. Razmjoo H, Abdi E, Atashkadi S, et al. Comparative
study of two silicone hydrogel contact lenses used as bandage
contact lenses after photorefractive keratectomy. Int J Prev Med.
2012;3(10):718-722.
Full text links PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
30. Derrien G, Le Menn G. Evaluation of detail reproduction for
three die materials by using scanning electron microscopy and
two-dimensional prolometry. J Prosthet Dent. 1995;74(1):1-7.
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3913(05)80221-5.
Full text links PubMed Google Scholar Scopus
31. Lin YM. Digitalisation in dentistry: development and practices.
The digitization of business in China: exploring the transforma-
tion from manufacturing to a digital service hub. 2018:199-217.
32. Punj A, Fisselier F. Digital dentistry for complete dentures a
review of digital dentistry versus conventional approaches to
complete dentures. Decis Dent. 26 (2020): 12-20.
Google Scholar
33. Unkovskiy A, Wahl E, Huettig F, et al. Multimaterial 3D prin-
ting of a denitive silicone auricular prosthesis: an improved
technique. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;125(6):946-950. doi: 10.1016/j.
prosdent.2020.02.021.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
34. Konofaos P, Ver Halen JP. Nerve repair by means of tubuliza-
tion: past, present, future. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2013;29(3):149-
164. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1333316.
Full text links CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar Scopus WoS
35. Bray A. Essentials of physical medicine and rehabilitation:
musculoskeletal disorders, pain, and rehabilitation. Occup Med
(Lond). 2017;67(1):80-81. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqw129.
Full text links PubMed Scopus
36. Indurent gel – bio link medical surgical equipment & instru-
ments trading [Online]. Accessed Jun. 22, 2023. Available from:
https://biolinkdubai.com/products/indurent-gel
37. StereoMicroscope_2CE-ENBH-1.
38. What is a stereo microscope and how does it work? [Online].
Accessed Jun. 06, 2023. Available from: https://www.micros-
cope-detective.com/stereo-microscope.html
39. Qirici I. Dissertation Diploma, Faculty of Medical Engineering,
Politehnica University of Bucharest, 2023a
CV
Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu is a graduate of the "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy. He presents numerous courses
completed over the years as well as published works. He specializes in implantology and has submitted research work on
the most suitable materials. Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu started his career as a university assistant at the "Carol Davila" University of
Medicine and Pharmacy, and in the meantime, he has also completed his doctoral studies.
Vlad Gabriel VASILESCU
DDS, PhD, Assistant Professor
Prosthetics Technology Department
Faculty of Dentistry
"Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Bucharest, Romania
40
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Original Articles
Evaluation of Impression Materials
35-41
Questions
1. What is the correct order ?
qa. Putty, heavy-bodied, regular, and light-bodied;
qb. Heavy-bodied, putty, regular and light-bodied;
qc. Light-bodied, putty, regular and heavy-bodied;
qd. Regular, putty, heavy-bodied, light-bodied.
2. What is the difference between Polyvinyl siloxane materials and condensation silicones?
qa. None, they are the same;
qb. Condensation silicone contains vinyl;
qc. They dier in the terminal ends;
qd. Polyvinyl siloxane materials have a condensation reaction.
3. What are the factors by which we choose an impression material?
qa. Money and mental state;
qb. The choice is made based on factors such as accuracy, ease of use, and patient comfort;
qc. The material with the highest polymerization contraction is chosen;
qd. The choice is made strictly based on the patient's preferences.
4. What materials were used in the study?
qa. Alginate and reversible hydrocolloids;
qb Thermoplastic materials;
qc. Condensation silicones;
qd. Polyvinyl siloxane with dierent uidity.
https://admconference.com/
41
