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Original Articles
58-64
ASSESSING MENTAL FORAMEN POSITION IN CLASS I, II,
AND III MALOCCLUSION BY CBCT
Abdolreza Jamilian
1,2a*
, Ludovica Nucci
3b
, Korosh Majidi
2c
, Neda Nikkho
1d
,
Rosana Farjaminejad
4e
, Vincenzo Grassia
3f
, Letizia Perillo
3g
1
Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
City of London Dental School, University of Bolton, London, UK
3
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
4
Department of Health Services Research and Management, School of Health & Psychological Sciences, City University of London, UK
a
DDS, MSc, OMFS, Professor, Module leader; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-0447; e-mail: info@jamilian.net
b
DDS, MSc, OMFS, PhD; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7174-7596; e-mail: Ludortho@gmail.com
c
DDS, MSc, MFDS RCS, LDS RCS, Dip Dent Sci, Lecturer; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4074-2662; e-mail: korosh@ortics.london
d
DDS, MSc; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9215-1182; e-mail: ajamilian@yahoo.com
e
DDS, Research Intern; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7795-0444; e-mail: Rosana.Farjaminejad@city.ac.uk
f
DDS, MSc, Assistant Professor; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6671-2380; e-mail: grassiavincenzo@libero.it
g
DDS, MSc, PhD, Professor; ORCIDiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-7363; e-mail: letiziaperillo@gmail.com
Background The present study aimed to determine the position of the mental foramen (MF) in CBCT images
in Class I, II, and III malocclusions with dierent growth patterns.
Methods In this study, 150 CBCT with Class I, II, and III malocclusions were selected. Each sagittal malocclusion
had 50 samples, with 25 participants with vertical growth and 25 with horizontal growth patterns. MF Shape
and Position relative to the Nearest Tooth were evaluated. MF Length, height, Distance from MF to Inferior
Border, Distance from MF to Bone Crest, and Mental Canal Angle were measured. A one-way analysis of
variance and chi-square test evaluated the data.
Results No signicant dierences were observed in the shape of MF among dierent types of malocclusion
in sagittal and type of growth pattern. Signicant dierences in the location of MF were observed in terms
of growth pattern P=0/0028. However, there were no signicant changes in the location of MF in sagittal
malocclusions.
Conclusion Greater distance between the mental foramen (MF) and the inferior border of the mandible was
observed in the Class II vertical growth pattern compared to Class I and Class II vertical growers.
ABSTRACT
Malocclusion; Mandibular Canal; Mental Foramen; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.
1. INTRODUCTION
The mental foramen (MF) is a bilateral opening
on the mandible's anterior surface; determining
its position, shape, and size is important in dental
treatments such as local anesthesia and surgical
procedures. By focusing the injection around the
MF, dental procedures in the mandibular area can
be performed with optimal pain control and patient
comfort [1]. MF is a crucial anatomical landmark used
for various methods, including administering local
anesthesia, placing implants, inserting miniscrew
or miniplate, performing peri-apical surgeries,
and carrying out osteotomies in the MF region [2].
Neurosensory disturbances aecting the chin and
lower lip are commonly encountered as unintended
complications during implant placements and
miniscrew and mini plate placement. These
complications often arise from a failure to properly
identify and protect the structures of the mental
foramen [3]. Multiple studies have documented both
temporary and permanent sensory disturbances in
the peri-oral soft tissues following the placement of
mandibular implants [4-6]. In the existing literature,
there is a lack of knowledge regarding the position
of the mandibular foramen in dierent skeletal
malocclusion. This research gap emphasizes the
need for further investigation into the MF position in
sagittal and vertical deformities. Understanding the
specic characteristics and variations in MF position
based on dierent skeletal malocclusion is crucial
for appropriate treatment planning and developing
practical techniques. It also contributes to a more
personalised and practical approach to orthodontics,
KEYWORDS
OPEN ACCESS This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.
Peer-Reviewed Article
Citation: Jamilian A, Nucci L, Majidi K, Nikkho N, Farjaminejad R, Grassia V, Letizia Perillo L. Assessing Mental Foramen Position in Class I, II, and III Maloc-
clusion by CBCT. Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2)58-64.
Received: February 09, 2024; Revised: March 27, 2024; Accepted: April 15, 2024; Published: May 14, 2024.
*Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Abdolreza Jamilian, No 14, Pesiyan St., Vali Asr St., Tehran 1986944768, Iran Tel.: 0098 21 22011892;
Fax: 0098 21 22022215; e-mail:
info@jamilian.net
Copyright: © 2022 the Editorial Council for the Stomatology Edu Journal.
https://doi.org/10.25241/stomaeduj.2024.11(1-2).art.5
ORTHODONTICS AND DENTO-FACIAL ORTHOPEDICS
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ensuring optimal outcomes for patients with
malocclusion. This research would contribute to
the existing literature by better understanding the
MF position of dierent sagittal and vertical skeletal
malocclusion. Moreover, Knowing the location of
the mental foramen in each malocclusion is crucial
during the insertion of mini plates and mini-screws.
High-resolution Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
(CBCT) is considered the most promising and
accurate technology currently available for precisely
determining the position of the mental foramen
quantitatively [7]. By examining CBCT images,
researchers could assess the MF position and analyse
any correlations between its location and dierent
malocclusion classes.
This observational study aimed to determine and
compare the size and location of the MF by using the
CBCT in class I, II, and III malocclusions in horizontal
and vertical growth pattern samples.
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
In this study, a comprehensive analysis was
conducted on CBCT obtained from the archives of
the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
at the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences,
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. The survey
was performed according to the guidelines of
the Declaration of Helsinki. All human research
was conducted by the ethical standards of the
committee responsible for human experimentation
(institutional and national) and with the Helsinki
Declaration of 1975, revised in 2013. 150 CBCT
Images, aged between 18 and 35, were collected
with Class I, II, and III malocclusions with vertical
and horizontal growth patterns in each sagittal
malocclusion. Using the Analysis Power ANOVA one-
way considering α=0.05 and β=0.2, the minimum
required sample size for each of the six subgroups
under investigation is determined to be 25 samples.
Therefore, 150 individuals (25 with vertical growth
patterns and 25 with horizontal growth patterns
in each class I, II, and III malocclusion group). Each
individual has two mental foramina; therefore,
considering 150 samples, 300 foramina were
examined. All the patients had no specic oral
diseases, surgical history, previous orthodontic
treatment, previous history of trauma, and facial and
neck anomalies.
Ethical approval was obtained from the IAU Local
Research Ethics Committees (Number: IR.IAU.
DENTAL, REC;1400.187). The skeletal malocclusion
types were grouped as Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3
according to Steiner's ANB angle and wits appraisal
based on lateral cephalometric radiographs (Point A:
the deepest anterior point on the buccal face of the
maxilla body, Point N: Nasion, Point B: the deepest
anterior point on the buccal face of the mandibular
body, ANB angle: the angle formed by the NA and
NB planes and wits appraisal: which was measured
drawing perpendiculars from points A and B on the
maxilla and mandible, respectively, onto the occlusal
plane).
Class 1: ANB° = 0° to 4°; 0 <Wits<-1
Class 2: ANB°> 4°; 0<Wits
Class 3: ANB°<0°; Wits < -1
Samples in each class I, II, and III groups were divided
into subgroups according to vertical and horizontal
growth. In the horizontal growth pattern, the SN-Gn-
Go angle is less than 32 degrees (32>SN-Gn-Go). In
the vertical growth pattern, the Go-Gn-SN angle is
greater than 32 degrees (Go-Gn-SN>32).
There were 100 images of individuals with Class I
malocclusion, with 25 individuals having a vertical
growth pattern and 25 having a horizontal growth
pattern. For Class II malocclusion, there were 50
images, with 25 individuals having a vertical growth
pattern and 25 individuals having a horizontal
growth pattern. Similarly, there were 50 images
for Class III malocclusion, with 25 individuals with
a vertical growth pattern and 25 with a horizontal
growth pattern. Using CBCT images, measurements
were performed on both the left and right sides. MF
Shape and MF Position relative to the Nearest Tooth
were evaluated. MF Length, Height, Distance from
MF to Inferior Border, Distance from MF to Bone
Crest, and Mental Canal Angle were measured.
The measurements were recorded as follows:
• Mental Foramen Shape: In CBCT images, the shape
of the mental foramen was categorised as oval or
round.
• Mental Foramen Position relative to the Nearest
Tooth: In CBCT images, the position of the mental
foramen was recorded in one of four locations:
below the rst premolars, below the second
premolars, between the rst and second premolars,
and between the second premolars and rst molars.
• Mental Foramen Length: The widest part of the
mental foramen in millimetres.
• Mental Foramen Height: The tallest height of the
mental foramen in millimetres.
• Distance to Inferior Border: The distance from the
lowest point of the foramen to the inferior border of
the mandible in millimetres.
• Distance to Bone Crest: The distance from the
highest point of the foramen to the bone crest in
millimetres.
• Mental Canal Angle with Buccal Surface of
Mandible: The angle between the longitudinal axis
of the mental canal and the superior part of the
buccal cortical bone, measured in degrees.
To assess the reliability of the measurements in the
study, 20 CBCT images were randomly selected, and
the measurements were repeated after one week.
The results of the intraclass correlation coecient
(ICC) test showed no statistically signicant
dierence between the two measurement sessions
(ICC = 0.756)
The data were analysed using the statistical software
SPSS (version 25.0). The mean and standard deviation
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Jamilian A, et al.
of MF Length, Height, Distance from MF to Inferior
Border, Distance from MF to Bone Crest, and Mental
Canal Angle were measured for each Class I, II, and
III malocclusions, as well as based on horizontal
and vertical growth patterns. The calculations and
results regarding dierent malocclusions were
evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The frequency of the MF shape and its
position relative to the nearest tooth were analysed
using the chi-square test. To assess the reliability
of research measurements, 20 CBCT scans were
randomly selected, and the measurements were
repeated after two weeks. The coecient correlation
intraclass (ICC) test results showed a non-signicant
statistical dierence (ICC = 0.756) between the two
measurement occasions.
3. RESULTS
Of 300 images, 144 cases (48.0%) were related to
women, and 156 patients (52.0%) were related to
men. The average age of the samples was 26.91
years, with a standard deviation of 5.33 years.
The chi-square test showed no signicant dierences
in the shape of MF between the horizontal and
vertical growth patterns. However, signicant
dierences were observed in the position of MF
among dierent growth patterns (p=0.028), where
the position between the rst and second premolars
was greater in the vertical growth pattern, and the
position below the second premolar was greater
in the horizontal growth pattern. (Table 1) The
chi-square test also showed that no signicant
dierences were found in the shape and position of
MF among dierent types of malocclusion in CBCT
images. (Table2)
Growth pattern Vertical Horizontal P value
Shape Circular (%56/7) 85 (%48/0) 72 0/1
Oval (%43/3) 65 (%52/0) 78
Position Below is the first
premolar
(%2/7) 4 (%0/7) 1 0/028
Below the second
premolar
(%42/7) 64 (%55/3) 83
Between premolars (%54/0) 81 (%41/3) 62
Below are the first
premolar and first
molar
(%0/7) 1 (%2/7)4
Growth pattern Class I Class II Class III P Value
Shape Circular (%57)
57
(%52)
52
(%48)
48
0/4
Oval (%43/)
43
(%48)
48
(%52)
52
Position Below is the first
premolar
(%2)
2
(%2)
2
(%1)
1
0/5
Below the second
premolar
(%41)
41
(%54)
54
(%52)
52
Between premolars (%56)
56
(%42)
42
(%45)
45
Below are the first
premolar and first
molar
(%1)
1
(%2)
2
(%2)
2
One-way ANOVA test revealed signicant dierences
in the length and height of MF, distance to the
mandibular border, and distance to the bone crest
among dierent types of malocclusion ( p < 0.001).
However, the angle of the mental canal did not
show signicant dierences among dierent types
of malocclusion. Based on these ndings, the length
and height of MF were greater in patients with Class
I malocclusion compared to the other two groups,
the distance to the mandibular border was greater
in individuals with Class II malocclusion, and the
distance to the bone crest was greater in individuals
with Class I malocclusion. (Table 3)
Class I Class II Class III P Value
Mental Foramen
Length
5/32±0/88 2/98±0/66 2/70±0/61 <001
Mental Foramen
Height
5/56±0/78 2/90±0/73 2/66±0/61 <001
Distance to
Inferior Border
10/74±0/57 14/76±1/43 10/44±0/90 <001
Distance to Bone
Crest
14/15±2/33 10/06±1/28 11/05±1/55 <001
Mental Canal
Angle
42±14 46±16 44±12 0/1
As seen in Table 4, the Student's t-test showed no
signicant dierences in the length and height of the
MF between the two growth patterns. However, the
distance from MF to the inferior border (p<0.001),
distance to the crest of the bone (p<0.001), and
mental canal angle (p=0.008) were signicantly
greater in individuals with a vertical growth pattern
compared to those with a horizontal growth pattern.
Vertical Horizontal P Value
Mental Foramen Length 3/71±1/24 3/62±1/52 0/6
Mental Foramen Height 3/80±1/42 3/61±1/56 0/3
Distance to Inferior Border 12/46±2/60 11/50±1/65 <001
Distance to Bone Crest 12/85±2/58 10/67±1/84 <001
Mental Canal Angle 48±14 44±14 <008
Table 1. The abundance of shape and position of MF based on
horizontal and vertical growth pattern.
Table 2. The abundance of shape and position of MF based on sagittal
malocclusion.
Table 3. The variables' mean and standard deviation based on the
malocclusion type.
Table 4. The mean and standard deviation of the variables based on the
growth pattern.
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Tables 5 and 6 present the mean and standard devi-
ation of the variables under investigation based
on the classication of malocclusion types in CBCT
images of individuals aged 18-35 with vertical and
horizontal growth patterns, respectively. According
to the results of the ANOVA test, in individuals with
horizontal and vertical growth patterns, signicant
dierences were observed in terms of the length and
height of the MF, distance to the inferior border, and
distance to the crest of the bone in dierent types of
malocclusion (all p < 0.001).
Class I Class II Class III P Value
Mental Foramen
Length
5/13±0/79 3/21±0/69 2/80±0/64 <001
Mental Foramen
Height
5/52±0/82 3/17±0/69 2/72±0/63 <001
Distance to
Inferior Border
10/82±0/59 15/96±0/63 10/59±1/0 <001
Distance to Bone
Crest
16/27±0/76 16/27±0/76 16/27±0/76 <001
Mental Canal
Angle
48±16 49±14 47±13 0/7
Class I Class II Class III P Value
Mental Foramen
Length
5/51±0/93 2/74±0/55 2/61±0/58 <001
Mental Foramen
Height
5/60±0/75 2/63±0/67 2/60±0/58 <001
Distance to
Inferior Border
10/66±0/54 13/56±0/89 10/28±0/78 <001
Distance to Bone
Crest
12/03±1/11 8/94±0/66 11/02±1/89 <001
Mental Canal
Angle
48±11 43±17 41±11 0/03
The MF distance to the mandible's inferior border
was 15/96± 0/63 in class II vertical growth pattern,
higher than in class I and II vertical growers. Also,
the same distance was 13/56± 0/89, more signicant
than in class I and II horizontal growers.
4. DISCUSSION
In this study, CBCT images of individuals with Class
I, II, and III malocclusion were selected. The images'
sagittal dimension measured the MF's length, height,
and shape. In the coronal dimension, the distance
from the MF to the crest of the bone, the distance
from the MF to the inferior border of the bone, and
the mental canal's angle with the mandible's occlusal
plane were measured. In the axial dimension, the
position of the MF relative to the nearest tooth
was assessed. According to the research ndings,
the size of the variables was signicantly greater in
males than in females. Furthermore, the position
and shape of the MF were consistent across dierent
malocclusions. Still, the length, height, distance
to the inferior border, and distance to the crest of
the bone showed dierences among malocclusion
types.
The mental foramen is one of the critical anatomical
landmarks of the mandible that has received
signicant attention. Some studies have evaluated its
position, shape, and distance from other anatomical
landmarks and adjacent tooth roots. From a
clinical perspective, local anesthesia during dental
treatments and the safety of surgical procedures in
this area are inuenced by the clinician's knowledge
of the mental foramen's position. The mental
foramen also plays a role in interpreting anatomical
landmarks in forensic medicine. In the present study,
the mental foramen (MF) position was observed
below the second premolar in 49.0% of cases and
between the rst and second premolars in 47.7%
of cases. Signicant dierences were also noted in
terms of the patients' growth patterns, where the
position between the rst and second premolars
was more critical in the vertical growth pattern
compared to the horizontal growth pattern, and the
part below the second premolar was more signicant
in the horizontal growth pattern compared to the
vertical growth pattern. On the other hand, no
signicant dierences were found in the position of
MF among patients with Class I, Class II, and Class III
malocclusions.
According to the present study's ndings, the shape
of MF was round in 52.3% of cases and oval in 47.7%.
On the other hand, no signicant dierences were
observed in the shape of MF based on the growth
pattern or in the three groups of malocclusions.
However, in the vertical growth pattern group, the
frequency of round-shaped MF was slightly higher
in individuals with Class III malocclusion compared
to other malocclusions, and the frequency of oval-
shaped MF was somewhat higher in individuals
with Class II malocclusion compared to other
malocclusions. In the horizontal growth pattern
group, the frequency of round-shaped MF was
higher in individuals with Class I malocclusion, and
the frequency of oval-shaped MF was higher in
individuals with Class III malocclusion compared to
other malocclusions.
In this study, no signicant dierences were found
in terms of the length and height of MF between
vertical and horizontal growth patterns. However,
the distance from MF to the inferior border (mean
of 12.46 mm versus 11.50 mm) and from MF to the
crest of the bone (mean of 12.25 mm versus 10.67
mm) diered signicantly between vertical and
horizontal growth patterns. Additionally, the angle
of the mental canal (mean of 42 degrees versus 44
degrees) was signicantly greater in individuals with
vertical growth compared to those with horizontal
growth. Overall, in the combined images of both
groups, the distance from MF to the inferior border
was approximately 11.92 mm, and the distance from
MF to the crest of the bone was approximately 11.76
mm.
Table 5. The mean and standard deviation of the variables based on the
type of malocclusion in the vertical growth pattern.
Table 6. The mean and standard deviation of the variables based on the
type of malocclusion in the horizontal growth pattern.
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Some studies have observed that mental foramen
(MF) is most commonly located between the
mandible's rst and second premolar teeth [8, 9].
Al-Mahalawy et al. [1] conducted a study that
demonstrated the most common position of the
mental foramen (MF) to be below the apex of
the second premolar in both male and female
patients. Similarly, Aoun et al. reported that MF was
predominantly in line with the second mandibular
premolar on both sides. [10] On the other hand,
MF in the Indian population, North American
Caucasian population, and Nigerian adults were
primarily located between the roots of the rst and
second premolars [9,11-13]. It is well-documented
that the position of the mental foramen (MF) can
vary among dierent racial and ethnic groups.
Studies in dental anthropology and craniofacial
research have highlighted these variations. Factors
such as craniofacial morphology, genetic factors,
and evolutionary dierences contribute to the
dierences observed in the position of MF across
populations [1].
Based on the shape of the mental foramen,
Verma et al. found that most of the MF was round,
followed by an oval in the Indian population. [9]
Conversely, Sheikhi et al. [14] found that the oval
shape of the mental foramen was twice as familiar
as the round shape; the ndings of Sheikhi et al.
were by Gershenson et al. [15]. Some results of the
previous study were not used in the present study
because of the dierence in the race and group of
the population selected. Most previous studies have
been conducted using two-dimensional imaging
techniques, such as panoramic images, rather than
3-D imaging techniques, like cone-beam computed
tomography (CBCT)
5. CONCLUSION
The results of the current study aimed at determining
the position of MF in CBCT images in Class I, Class
II, and Class III malocclusions with dierent growth
patterns are as follows:
• No signicant dierences were found in the shape
of MF among dierent types of malocclusions.
• There were no signicant changes in MF's location
in sagittal malocclusions.
• The position of MF was located below the second
premolars in 55.3% of cases in horizontal growth
patterns and between the rst and second premolars
in 54.0% of vertical cases, with signicant dierences
observed based on the growth pattern (p = 0.028).
• The length and height of MF were more signicant in
individuals with Class I malocclusion in comparison
with class II and III (p < 0.001). The distance from
MF to the inferior border was more signicant in
individuals with Class II malocclusion in regards to
other sagittal malocclusions (p < 0.001), and the
distance from MF to the crest of the bone was more
signicant in individuals with Class I malocclusion
in comparison with class II and III malocclusion (p <
0.001).
• No signicant dierences were found in the length
and height of MF based on the growth patterns.
However, the distance from MF to the inferior border
(p < 0.001), the distance from MF to the crest of the
bone (p < 0.001), and the angle of the mental canal
in vertical growth patterns were more signicant
than in horizontal growth patterns (p = 0.002).
• The distance of MF to the inferior border of the
mandible was more signicant in class II vertical
growth patterns about class I and class II vertical
growers. The same distance in class II horizontal
growers was higher than in class I and II horizontal
growers.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
AJ was the major contributor to writing the manuscript, study
design, and corresponding author. LN was responsible for statistical
consulting and editing the nal draft. KM was responsible for
radiological consultant and data generation. NN was involved
in data gathering and methodology. RF was responsible for the
literature review and drafting, and VG and LP were responsible
for the literature review, data interpretation, and critical revisions.
All the authors have read and approved the nal version of the
manuscript.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this
study.
SOURCE OF FUNDING
This research received no external funding.
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CV
Professor Abdolreza Jamilian is a researcher and specialist in the eld of Orthodontics. He received his D.D.S. (1991), MSc in
Orthodontics (1998), and Fellowship of Orthognathic Surgery & Craniofacial Syndromes (2010) from the Shahid Beheshti
University in Tehran, Iran. He obtained his European Board of Orthodontics certication in 2013. Now, he is a Module leader
at the City of London Dental School, University of Bolton, London, UK, and a professor at the Islamic Azad University in Tehran.
He has lectured at several international congresses and has been a consultant for various journals. He has published over 200
original, peer-reviewed research and review articles, 15 book chapters, and more than 300 scientic communications. He holds
3 patents in the United States Patent and Trademark Oce.
Abdolreza JAMİLİAN
SDDS, MSc, Fellow OSCS, Module leader
Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry
Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University
Tehran, Iran
City of London Dental School
University of Bolton
London, UK
63
Stoma Edu J. 2024;11(1-2):
pISSN 2360-2406; eISSN 2502-0285
www.stomaeduj.com
Jamilian A, et al.
Original Articles
58-64
Questions
1. Which one is correct?
qa. The shape of the Mental Foramen is round in 52.3% of cases and oval in 47.7%;
qb. The shape of the Mental Foramen was oval in 52.3% of cases and round in 47.7%;
qc. The shape of the Mental Foramen was oval in 45% of cases and round in 35%;
qd. The shape of the Mental Foramen was oval in 35% of cases and round in %.
2. The position of Mental foramen in the Indian population, North American Caucasian
population, and Nigerian adults were primarily located :
qa. Between the roots of the rst and second premolars;
qb. Between the roots of the rst and second molars;
qc. Between the roots of the canine and rst premolars;
qd. Below the canine.
3. Which factors contribute to the differences observed in the position of MF across
populations?
qa. Craniofacial morphology;
qb. Genetic factors;
qc. Evolutionary dierences ;
qd. All of them.
4. Which one is correct?
qa. In the present study, the mental foramen position was observed below the second premolar in 49.0%
of cases and between the rst and second premolars in 47.7% of cases.;
qb. In the present study, the mental foramen position was observed below the second premolar in 60.0%
of cases and between the rst and second premolars in 40.% of cases;
qc. In the present study, the mental foramen position was observed below the second premolar in 40.0%
of cases and between the rst and second premolars in 60.% of cases;
qd. None of them.
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